最近讀"職場情緒管理學" 在 Apr. 2009, 經理人 (P142~148, 陸洛), 恰好提到非主導性諮商理論(non-directive). 好奇之下, 搜尋多方, 找出創始者為 羅傑斯 ( Carl R. Rogers, 1902~1987), . 才發現這位原來是人本主義心理學的宗師之一, 早至1942 " Counseling and psychotherapy" , 便提出解決問題者即是當事人的諮商模式.
對於非心理學出身的人, 一般都只聽到馬斯洛的需求層次理論與人本主義心理學的強力鍊結. 其他細節則未曾深究. 這回算是我瞎子摸象的開始.
Coaching 目前所建構的理論架構, 誠如眾人所知, 與人本主義心理學有密切關係. 然而許多關於教練的技術, 我認為不得不參考羅傑斯的非主導性諮商理論(non-directive), 你就會不由自主的驚奇其間之相似性.
另外發現, 羅傑斯早至1969的著作 "Freedom to learn" 就用Facilicator 在學習來代表非主導性諮商員的角色. 所以Facilicator不是新名詞.
第三個 發現是羅傑斯在二十世紀初期就讀紐約哥倫比亞教師學院,師承杜威 (John Dewey)的實驗主義, 這又可溯源出體驗式學習的源頭. 如果你熟悉胡適, 蔣夢麟, 民國初年的教育思想家, 他們也是從杜威此一脈絡而下, 即使他們不是使用這個詞. 釐清這個傳承 也釐清為甚麼人本主義相關思想對我強力的吸引. 從中學以來胡適一直扮演我思想的啟蒙導師 我大量收集胡適的著作, 日記, 評論, 每每從他著作聞到一種氣味, 現在我了解了, 原來就是這股人本主義的氣息
底下是羅傑斯的一些關於學習的原則, 這跟我們對於被教練者假設是不是很像?
1. Human beings have a natural potential for learning.
2. Significant learning takes place when the subject matter is perceived by the student as having relevance f
his/her own purposes, when the individual has a goal he/she wishes to achieve and sees the materi
presented to him/her as relevant to the goal, learning takes place with great rapidity.
3. Learning which involves a change in self-organization in the perception of oneself is threatening an
tends to be resisted.
4. Those learnings which are threatening to the self are more easily perceived and assimilated when extern
threats are at a minimum.
5. When the threat to the self is low, experience can be perceived in differentiated fashion and learning c
proceed.
6. Much significant learning is acquired through doing.
7. Learning is facilitated when the student participates responsibly in the learning process.
8. Self-initiated learning which involves the whole person of the learner feeling as well as intellect is t
most lasting and pervasive.
9. Independence, creativity and self-reliance are all facilitated when self-criticism and self-evaluation a
basic and evaluation by others is of secondary importance.
10. The most socially useful learning in the modern world is the learning of the process of learning,
continuing openness to experience and to incorporate into oneself the process of change.
羅傑斯的書不容易找 一方面多是1950~1980, 博客來有兩本新譯簡體書
. 當事人中心治療︰實踐、運用和理論 [美]卡爾 R 羅杰斯 ，中國人民大學出版社，出版日期：2004/10/01
. 個人形成論︰我的心理治療觀 [美]卡爾 R 羅杰斯（Carl R.Rogers） ，中國人民大學出版社，出版日期：2004/07/01
. 或更多書單，Carl R. Rogers書籍參考網站
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